本館出版品

誤解還是扭曲？從孫中山民族平等思想看大陸新疆棉事件

Misunderstanding or Distortion? A View on the Xinjiang Cotton Incident in China from the Perspective of Sun Yat-sen Thought and the Equality of Ethnicities

孫學研究

1996-265-7

半年刊

2022/11/12

第33期

p.99-129

孫中山的平等思想貫穿三民主義，是三民主義的核心和精華。在民族方面包括對內各民族一律平等，對外世界各民族一律平等。國民政府建國大綱中說：「對於國內之弱小民族，政府當扶植之，使之能自決自治。」
本文從孫中山民族主義的主張，諸如民族自決、民族平等、民族獨立、五族共和、濟弱扶傾等，並就其時代價值來對比習近平「發展權」的民族觀，透過人權理論分析，進一步比較中共處理的新疆少數民族問題的盲點，探討「維吾爾人強迫勞動」、「新疆再教育」及「新疆棉」的中西觀察差異。少數民族是攸關中共政治穩定的大事，邊疆問題成了習近平上任後，最大的挑戰之一，也是歐美持續關注焦點。然而，中共尊稱孫中山先生是「偉大的中國民主革命先行者」，也自稱是「孫中山思想」與「革命志業」的繼承者，本文旨在觀察中國大陸日益嚴峻的新疆民族問題，中共如何解讀孫中山思想的必須先發展生產力的論述？對待孫中山思想的態度，決定中共的發展與未來，因為「孫中山思想」與國家發展、民族復興關係密切。扭曲或誤解孫中山思想的中共，如何實現中華民族的偉大復興？
2022年8月31日聯合國人權辦公室於人權事務高級專員巴舍萊（Michelle Bachelet）離任前發布新疆人權報告，報告指有關中國對新疆進行虐待及強迫勞動的指控是「可信」的。不過，2022年10月聯合國人權理事會投票否決了由西方國家主導要求正式討論中國大陸在新疆侵犯人權問題的決議草案，這意味著中國大陸反擊國際社會對其批評的「扭曲」得到助力，西方對中國大陸的發展式人權「扭曲」未能得逞，中共也獲得聯合國人權理事會的「正式」會議平反，有關中共在新疆對少數民族強迫勞動的「誤解」，是否已「間接」用國際調查證明中共沒有偏離孫中山思想的民族平等理想，此問題值得我們進一步觀察。

Sun Yat-sen Thought on equality permeates the Three Principles of the People; it is the core and essence of the Three Principles. In terms of the ethnicities/nationalities/ethnic groups (民族, minzu), internally, it states that all the ethnicities are equal; externally, it states that all ethnicities around the world are equal. The Outline for the Founding of the National Government states that “the government must support minority ethnicities within the country, so that they can achieve self-determination and self-governance.”
This paper looks at what Dr. Sun advocated in terms of nationalism – self-determination for the ethnicities, equality of the ethnicities, independence of the ethnicities, five ethnicities (i.e., the Han, Manchu, Mongols, Hui, and Tibetans) under one union, helping the weak and aiding the needy, etc. – and compares their contemporary value with Xi Jinping’s ethnic perspective of the “right to development”. Through an analysis of human rights theory, a further comparison is made with blind spots in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)’s handling of minority ethnicity issues in Xinjiang. This paper further explores differences in Eastern and Western perspectives on topics including “Uyghur forced labor”, “re-education in Xinjiang”, and “Xinjiang cotton”. Minority ethnicities are critical to the CCP’s political stability; periphery region issues have become one of the greatest challenges confronting Xi Jinping since he assumed office, and a focus of concern for Western countries. However, the CCP claims to revere Dr. Sun as a “pioneer of China’s Democratic Revolution”, and claims itself as the successor to Sun Yat-sen Thought and the “revolutionary cause”. The purpose of this paper is to observe China’s increasingly serious ethnic issues in Xinjiang, and how the CCP interprets Sun Yat-sen Thought to state that “productivity must be developed first”. Their attitude toward Sun Yat-sen Thought determines the CCP’s development and future, because "Sun Yat-sen Thought" is closely associated with national development and the ethnic renaissance. How can a CCP that distorts or misunderstands Dr. Sun Yat-sen's thought achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation?
On August 31, 2022, just before UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet left office, a report on human rights in Xinjiang was released by Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). The report states that the allegations regarding China’s abuses and forced labor in Xinjiang are “credible”. However, the United Nations Human Rights Council voted down the resolution draft led by Western countries calling for a formal discussion of China’s human rights violations in Xinjiang. This signifies that China received assistance in firing back at what it called “distorted” criticism from the international community. The West’s attempt to “distort” China’s “developmental human rights” did not succeed, while the CCP was also vindicated at the “official” meeting of the United Nations Human Rights Council. Concerning “misunderstandings” of China forcing ethnic minorities to perform labor in Xinjiang, has been indirectly proven by international investigations to be not deviated from the “equality of the ethnicities” ideal in Sun Yat-sen Thought.

國立國父紀念館

臺北市

投稿日：民國111年6月15日；接受刊登日：民國111年10月28日