本館出版品

孫中山「知行觀」與孫武《孫子兵法》「詭道全勝」的實踐之會通初探

Preliminary Study for a Thorough Understanding of the Implementation of Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Concept of Knowledge and Action and The Art of War’s “Deception is the Path to Total Victory”

孫學研究

1996-265-7

半年刊

2023/5/16

第34期

p.55-78

孫中山著有《孫文學說》（即《建國方略》第一部分《心理建設》），其中，提出了「知難行易」的「知行觀」。此獨具一格，在中國哲學史上，是第一位擺脫宗教與道德論的束縛，把知行問題當作「知識論」加以研究，突破歷來「知之非艱，行之惟艱」的「知易行難」桎梏者。孫中山云：「國者，人之積也：人者，心之器也。」又：「革命必先革心。」建國基礎在心理建設，然推翻滿清，建立民國後，所有建設計畫都無以施展，其《三民主義》、《五權憲法》甚被視之為「理想過高，不適合中國之用」。探究其最大原因就是受了歷來的「知易行難」說法影響，因此，孫中山提出「知難行易」學說以消弭當時「輕知怯行」普遍心理，強調「政治之隆污，繫乎人心之振靡，吾心信其可行，則移山填海之難，終有成功之日﹔吾心信其不可行，則反掌折枝之易，亦無收效之期也。」（《孫文學說〃自序》）
而《孫子兵法》蔚為我國重要的兵書，有所謂「兵學聖典」、「武經之冠冕」、「韜略之神髓」、「世界第一兵家名書」之稱。可謂是今日中外現存最早的軍事理論著作。其第一篇〈始計篇〉提及「兵者，詭道也」，有「十二詭道」為用兵策略，作為「攻其無備，出其不意」的致勝要訣，是為全書重要的兵法之精髓。不論策略如何精妙，關鍵均在「力行」，否則便是「紙上談兵」，毫無意義，所以孫中山也有云:「兵法有云：『攻心為上』，是吾黨之建國計畫，即受此心中之打擊者也。」因此，人們的心理建設是成敗的關鍵，依據心理學「約拿情結」的分析，勢必要突破這種「沒有嚐試就不會失敗」的想法，所以「革命必先革心。」做起，在此，配合《孫文學說》「知難行易」探究「詭道實踐」之力行，採取文獻分析與詮釋法，找出其會通之處，將此「兵法精髓-十二詭道」深入闡發，以達成《孫子兵法》「全勝」戰略的效益。

Dr. Sun Yat-sen proposed in his book Sunology the concept of knowledge and action that “acting is easy, knowing is difficult.” His proposal was totally unique. In the annals of Chinese philosophy, it was the first at- tempt to shake off the shackles of religion and moral theory and study the problem of knowledge and action as a “theory of knowledge”, and to shatter the notion that “knowing is not difficult, only acting is difficult” (or “knowing is easy, acting is difficult”). Dr. Sun Yat-sen said, “People are ruled by their own ideologies, and the state’s affairs are tied to the fortunes of the nation … revolution must first start with the heart.” The nation was founded on a psy- chological construct. However, after the Qing Dynasty was overthrown and the Republic of China established, none of the building projects could move forward; the Three Principles of the People and the Five-Power Constitution were deemed “too lofty and unsuitable for China’s use.” The main reason for this was the influence of the old adage that “knowing is easy, acting is diffi- cult”. Therefore, Dr. Sun Yat-sen proposed the theory that “acting is easy, knowing is difficult” to eradicate the prevalent practice of “belittling knowledge and acting rashly.” He emphasized that, “The ups and downs of politics are related to the ups and downs of individuals’ hearts. If I truly be- lieve that this is possible, then I can accomplish anything, no matter how daunting the task. Nothing I do, no matter how simple or straightforward, will bear any fruit if my heart is convinced that it is impossible to put into practice.”
Nonetheless, The Art of War is regarded as a crucial book on military strat- egy in our country. It has been called “the holy book of military science”, “the royal crown of military experience”, “the essence of military strategy”, and “the world’s most famous book on military strategy”. Today it is considered the earliest book written on military theory in China or abroad. Chapter one, “The Beginning of the Plan”, explains that “soldiers are deceitful” and that there are “twelve deceitful ways” that are the strategies of the troops. The secret to victory lies in “catching the enemy off guard and taking them by surprise,” which is the vital essence of the strategy in the book. No matter how brilliant the strategy, the key is to “practice it,” otherwise it is “talking about war on paper” and is meaningless. As Sun Yat-sen put it, “There is a saying in The Art of War: ‘Attack the heart first.’ This is our party’s national building plan, an emotional gut punch.” Therefore, the road to success or fail- ure depends on the mental framework from which one operates. Based on an analysis of the psychological principle of the “Jonah Complex,” the belief that “you can’t fail if you don’t try” must be overcome. To put it another way, “revolution must first start with change of heart.” This study will begin with an investigation of “deceitful practices” in tandem with Sunology’s concept that “acting is easy, knowing is difficult.” For more complete comprehension, literature interpretation and an analytical approach were used. The “12 deceit- ful paths” essential to The Art of War were elaborated on to describe the ben- efits of “total victory”.

國立國父紀念館

臺北市

投稿日：民國111年11月20日；接受刊登日：民國112年4月26日