本館出版品

以孫中山政黨觀檢視臺灣政黨變遷

A Review of Taiwan's Party Change from Views of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Outlook on Party

孫學研究

1996-265-7

半年刊

2014/05/16

第16期

P047-100

　　本文試圖從孫中山政黨觀之基本理念作為標準，衡量臺灣政黨政治發展在理論與實踐上的異同並探究其原因。本文首先要釐清的是孫中山對於政黨的角色與性質，因政治情勢的轉變，而有截然不同的觀點。質言之，孫中山的政黨觀，係採「革命政黨」與「民主政黨」二元概念，此二元概念與其革命程序論之主張實相互呼應。理論上，軍政與訓政時期採革命政黨之主張，憲政時期則採民主政黨之主張。但從其思想體系的整體性與一致性而言，所謂「革命」政黨的論述，僅具階段性與工具性的意義，而「民主」政黨的論述，才是其政黨觀的核心價值與終極關懷。其次，本文將臺灣的政治發展劃分為三個時期：一黨專政與硬性威權統治、一黨專政與軟性威權統治以及政黨競爭與民主治理時期。前兩個時期類似孫中山革命程序論中的軍政與訓政時期，最後一個時期則等同其憲政時期。在前兩個時期中，國民黨扮演革命政黨的角色，除壟斷所有政治資源，也對政治社會進行嚴密監控，此時國民黨扮演支配性政黨的角色。最後一個時期，臺灣面臨內外環境的變化與壓力，國民黨政權解除「黨禁」並將自身轉換成一個競爭性政黨。自此，臺灣從一黨威權統治轉型為政黨競爭與輪替的多元政治型態，堪稱華人世界獨一無二的民主實驗示範區。然而若以孫中山政黨觀加以檢視，可以發現實務上的發展趨勢與理論上所預示的方向，有著某種程度上的吻合，但也存在著理想與現實上的某種落差。尤其臺灣政黨體系類型轉換頻繁，顯示政黨體系極度不穩定，這與政黨菁英是否重視黨綱、黨德並且是否以文明方式進行「黨爭」，有某種程度的關聯。由於政黨體系快速變遷，也連帶地促發憲政體制的變革。在臺灣的政黨體系逐漸走向「兩黨制」的同時，臺灣的政治穩定性卻未相對地提升，除了因為臺灣的現實政治仍缺乏理性協商文化外，也與七次修憲後政府體制轉變成無法落實責任政治的「半總統制」有關，基本上，此憲改方向已完全偏離孫中山理想中的「內閣制」政府型態。

　　This essay attempts to explore the similarities and dissimilarities between theory and practice from the basic concepts of Dr. Sun's outlook on party. First of all, this essay intends to clarify that Dr. Sun had contrasting views on the roles and characters of party as the transformation of political situations. In essence, Dr. Sun's party theory
　　adopts dualistic concepts of "revolutionary party" and "democratic party" to echo his revolutionary procedure theory. Theoretically, the notion of revolutionary party is applied in the stages of military rule and political tutelage, while that of democratic party, the stage of constitutional government. However, there are only instrumental meanings at a stage for the argument of "revolutionary" party; yet the core value and ultimate concern of his party theory lie in the argument of "democratic" party from the angle of integrity and coherence of his ideology. Secondly, this essay divides Taiwan's political development into three stages: one party dictatorship with hard authoritarian rule; one party dictatorship with soft authoritarian rule as well as party competition with democratic governance. The former two stages are similar to those of military rule and political tutelage in Dr. Sun's revolutionary procedure theory; while the last stage is equal to that of constitutional government. In the former two stages, the KMT party played a dominant role which monopolized all political resources and exercise strict control politically and socially. During the last stage, the KMT regime lifted "the ban on establishing new parties" and turned itself into a competitive party, when Taiwan faced changes and pressures from inner and outer environments. Henceforth, Taiwan has been transforming its one-party authoritarian rule into pluralist politics with competition and exchanges of parties, which demonstrates itself the unique experimental area for democracy in the Chinese world. Nevertheless, there is a gap between ideal and reality though practical development accords with the direction betokened by Dr. Sun's party theory to some extent in this case. Particularly, the types of Taiwan's party system changes frequently, indicating its party system is extremely unstable, more or less, regarding if party elites attach importance to party platforms and moral as well as carry out party struggles in a civilized way. On ground that the party system changes swiftly, the reforms of constitutional institution is also triggered. Political stability in Taiwan has not yet been promoted relatively while its party system is moving gradually toward two-party one, not only due to lack of rational consultation culture, but also because of "semi-presidential system" established after seven times' constitutional amendment, which is unable to carry out political accountability. Basically, the direction of constitution reform has deviated from the ideal "cabinet system" in Dr. Sun's ideology.

國立國父紀念館

臺北市

GPN:2009503228