本館出版品

近代中國的環境危機、經濟建設與森林事業：孫文提倡造林運動之 時代意義（1910s -1930s）

The Environmental Crisis, Economic Development, and Forestry in Modern China: An Analysis of the Historical Context of Sun Yat-sen’s Afforestation Campaign (1910s-1930s)

孫學研究

1996-265-7

半年刊

2025/03/12

第38期

p.37-60

二十世紀初期，中國的環境治理面臨嚴峻人口壓力、可耕地不足導致濫墾濫伐，乃至於天災頻仍的窘境。有識之士紛紛提出各種經濟建設、環境經理的主張，其中孫文早於1910年代《建國大綱》中所提出的造林計畫，是應對環境與經濟危機的重要主張，更發展成為重要的環境事業。孫文提倡的造林運動，有其時代脈絡，將植樹視為環境經理之一部分，且受到新式林業科學影響，重視土壤調查、經濟樹種栽培等，充分發揮森林的直接經濟效益與間接環境效益。1930年代國民政府雷厲風行的造林工作，可說是今日中國應對環境變遷、大力推動造林事業之濫觴。
本文首先由孫文的思想出發，分析其所提倡之造林運動的本質，並整理其中「防災」、「致富」兩大主要脈絡。其次，藉由中外報導觀察二十世紀初期中國面對的環境問題，並評估造林工作之具體效益。最後，則以1930年代成為國民政府重要政策的造林工作，評價孫文提出之造林主張，在中國落實的初步成果。借助本文的研究，不僅能為深入國父思想的核心，更能結合現實關懷，呼應當前ESG治理的潮流，重新思考環境永續經營的概念，及其如何進入現代國家的日常當中。

Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary and nation-building period coincides with the first half of Taiwan’s colonial rule under Japan. Despite this, access to information about China in Taiwan was not entirely restricted, particularly through newspapers and other media of the time. This study applies memory theory and impression cognition as analytical frameworks, examining reports on Sun Yat-sen’s activities in Taiwan Nichinichi Shinpō (the Taiwan Daily News) and the Taiwan Minpao (Taiwan People’s Report). The findings suggest that not only were readers of Taiwan Nichinichi Shinpō aware of Sun Yat-sen, but this awareness even influenced his coverage in Taiwan Minpao.
Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary achievements were continuously disseminated through Taiwan Nichinichi Shinpō, embedding his image as a revolutionary deeply in the minds of the Taiwanese people. After the establishment of Taiwan Minpao, he was further portrayed as the hope for China’s unification, while the Kuomintang (KMT), which upheld the Three Principles of the People, was depicted as a political party of principles. When he traveled to northern China and called to “abolish unequal treaties” and to “convene a national assembly”, these statements immediately attracted the attention of the editorial team at Taiwan Minpao.
The prerequisite to “abolish unequal treaties” was that Japan and China had to have friendly relations, a notion that offered the Taiwanese people a glimmer of hope for an improved status for Taiwan. And in Sun’s call to “convene a national assembly”, the focus of his criticism shifted from the warlords to imperialism itself, portraying the warlords merely as puppets while identifying the Great Powers as the true source of China’s turmoil. This perspective was not only embraced by the Chinese but also resonated with the Taiwanese, who hoped for the Kuomintang’s success in the Northern Expedition and the unification of China. As the successor of the Three Principles of the People, Chiang Kai-shek adopted Sun Yat-sen’s nationalist stance as a rallying call for anti-Japanese propaganda and mass mobilization. This, in turn, influenced Taiwanese resistance against Japanese rule and laid the foundation for Taiwan’s postwar restoration movement.
The principle of “Overthrowing Imperialism” facilitated the growth of Comintern (Communist International) and communist thought in China. This ideological shift also led to the fragmentation of the Taiwanese Cultural Association, which ultimately faced suppression and faded into obscurity. Advocates of the National Assembly, such as Tsai Hsiao-chien, and those influenced by the policy of accommodating communists (ronggong), like Weng Tse-sheng, identified with proletarian ideals and joined the Communist Party, positioning themselves in opposition to the Kuomintang (KMT). In other words, the KMT’s decision in the 1920s to adopt Soviet-style party reforms not only influenced the choices of Chinese intellectuals at the time, but continues to shape political developments on both sides of the Taiwan Strait today.

國立國父紀念館

臺北市

投稿日：民國113年10月25日；接受刊登日：民國114年02月26日