本館出版品

中山先生 生前與歿後 的宗教際遇

Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s encounters with religion before
and after his death

孫學研究

1996-265-7

半年刊

2024/11/12

第37期

p.57-76

對國父孫中山的研究，過去學者從政治學、經濟學、教育學等社會科學及哲學、歷史學等人文學科領域切入，已經累積諸多的成果。比較少從宗教學或宗教史學的研究途徑，探索他與宗教的際遇。當然有極少論文從史料中探討：中山先生在生前，戮力革命過程中，與宗教各種際遇所展現的「宗教意涵」，及呈現的「宗教背景」。也有「瞭悟」（verstehen)在他歿後，中華民國政府以宗教之儀尊崇祂的「宗教內在意理」。
因此，基於此現象，本研究想補此學術空白，欲從中山先生的生前及歿後，與宗教的各種互動為主軸，探索下列幾個問題：1.中山先生在出生後與華人宗教玄天上帝的際遇？2.他在青年時期與關聖帝君的互動經驗？為了革命，他又重新接納了關帝的現象及原因？3.接受西學洗禮後的青年孫中山成為基督徒的現象及原因？及他逝世前為何又皈依了基督教？4.在他死後，隨著國民革命的發展，他的地位隨漲船高？為何他從黨的總理被推為黨的國父？5.來到臺灣之後，什麼因素讓他成為國家釋奠的大神及政治領袖宣誓就職時的見證之神。
綜整這上面的問題，構成本研究的主軸。本文以中山先生的生平與宗教的際遇，紀錄及分析、詮釋他與宗教的「互動現象」。聚焦於中山先生與宗教的際遇，呈現出來的意涵與因素。而在他逝世後，如何逐漸走上「成神之路」。當下，他隱然成為中華民國的國殤之神及陰騭大神。

Prior research on Sun Yat-sen, the Father of the Nation, has looked at him through the lenses of social science (including political science, economics, and pedagogy), and of humanities (including philosophy and history). The results of this research are manifold. However, relatively few studies have adopted the academic approaches of religious studies or the history of religions to explore his encounters with religion. Thus, an extremely small number of papers have explored, based on the historical materials, the Religious Implications and the Religious Background in Dr. Sun’s encounters with religion during his life and his struggles for revolution. Studies have also attempted to achieve a verstehen of how, after his death, the Republic of China’s government has venerated His “inherent religious meanings” through religious ceremony.
Thus, based on these phenomena, this study is aimed at filling an academic gap, intending to explore the following questions regarding Dr. Sun in life and after his death, in his various interactions with religion: One, What were Dr. Sun’s experiences with the Chinese religion of the Xuantian Shangdi (Supreme Emperor of Mysterious Heaven)? Two, during his youth, what were his interactions and experiences with Guan Sheng Dijun (Holy Imperial Lord Guan, known as Guan Yu in life, and also worshipped as Guan Di)? And for the sake of the revolution, what were the circumstances and causes of his re-acceptance of Guan Di? Three, what were the circumstances and causes surrounding young Sun Yat-sen (who had been given a ‘baptism’ of Western learning) becoming a Christian? And why did he then again convert to Christianity before his death? Four, after his death, following the development of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, or KMT) revolution, did his reputation rise with the tide? Why was he elevated from a position as chairman of the KMT to Father of the Republic of China? Five, after the move to Taiwan, what factors rose to him being enshrined as a divine figure, and as the god before whom political leaders take their oaths of office?
The sum of these questions forms the main axis of this study. This paper uses Dr. Sun’s encounters with religion during his life to make a record of, analyze, and interpret his interactions with religion. The focus is on the connotations and factors that are manifested in Dr. Sun’s encounters with religion. The paper also looks at how, after his death, he gradually ascended the “path to godhood”, to now when he has firmly taken a position as the Republic of China’s martyr god and great spirit of charitable acts done without fanfare.

國立國父紀念館

臺北市

投稿日：民國113年7月30日；接受刊登日：113年10月30日