憲政改革歷程與監察制度變遷：我國與芬蘭經驗的比較

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文件類型: 本館出版品

題名: 憲政改革歷程與監察制度變遷：我國與芬蘭經驗的比較

題名(英): Constitutional Reform and the Transformation of Ombudsman System--A Comparison of Taiwan, ROC and Finland

作者: 周陽山、李文郎

期刊: 孫學研究

ISSN: 1996-265-7

出版頻率: 半年刊

出版西元年月日: 2007/05/16

卷期: 第02期

頁次: P001-045

關鍵詞: 憲政改革、憲政選擇、修憲程序、國會監察使、監察院

關鍵詞(英): constitutional choice 、 constitutional reform 、 constitutional procedure 、 parliamentary ombudsman 、 control system

全文內容: 　　我國和芬蘭在地理條件、歷史背景與政治、經濟體制等各方面有若干相似性。兩國都均屬於「單一制」(unitary system)國家，也都有被外國殖民的歷史經驗，受殖民母國的影響深遠；而且由於地理位置特殊，面臨強敵潛在威脅，外交處境十分艱難。
　　另外，近年來兩國總統的產生方式都由間接選舉改為公民直選產生，且職權相似，以國防、外交，兩岸事務與對俄事務為主。兩國目前政黨體系均屬「多黨制」，在最近幾屆國會選舉中，都沒有任何一個單一政黨獲得過半數的席次。再者，兩國都以電子資訊產業和高科技產業為主要競爭優勢，並以出口貿易為導向。再者，兩國均係準多元分歧社會（semi-plural society），存在著不同的族群、語言和宗教分歧，在我國存在著國家認同的統獨爭議，在芬蘭則有左、中、右派的意識型態之爭。
　　本文重點，係比較我國與芬蘭的憲政改革與監察制度之變遷。我國從一九九○年開始到二○○五年為止，總共進行了七次修憲。芬蘭的憲政改革從一九八○年代進行，於一九九○年至一九九九年進行為期十年的憲政改革，並於二○○○年三月正式施行。歷經七次的修憲，我國憲政體制中有關監察院的規定已有大幅度的變革。反觀芬蘭，監察權隸屬於國會，採取國會監察使制度。二○○○年「新憲法」，對國會監察使制度也有不少
　　變革之處。本文特別針對我國與芬蘭的憲政選擇、憲政改革與監察制度之變遷歷程，做一比較與探討。

全文內容: 　　In Finland the system of parliamentary ombudsman was established by the 1919 Constitution. The Ombudsman is appointed by the Parliament, and has the task of ensuring that all government departments and officials follow the law. The Ombudsman has wide ranging oversight and investigative powers. She or he has access to all government facilities, documents and information systems and can order a police investigation if necessary. If the Ombudsman determines that a government official has not acted in accordance with the law she or he can advice on the proper application of the law, reprimand the official or in the extreme case order the criminal prosecution of the official.
　　Similarly, in Taiwan, ROC, the control system—a branch of the Five-Power Constitutional System-- has the task of ensuring that all government departments and officials follow the law and thus has wide ranging oversight and investigative powers. However, since the early 1990s, constitutional reforms in Taiwan and Finland have introduced major transformations of the control and ombudsman systems.
　　This article concentrates on a comparison of the ombudsman and control system in Finland and Taiwan during the process of constitutional reforms. It is an important endeavor in the fields of comparative ombudsman system as well as constitutional engineering and democratic consolidation.

出版者: 國立國父紀念館

出版地: 臺北市

備註: GPN:2009503228

憲政改革歷程與監察制度變遷：我國與芬蘭經驗的比較 detail