本館出版品

孫中山的文化平等觀：積極平權的觀點

The Cultural Equality Viewpoint of Dr. Sun Yat-sen： An Active Equality Perspective

孫學研究

1996-2657

半年刊

2020/05/16

第28期

p.1-23

平等一詞，如同自由、民主、權利、權力等語彙一樣，可在西方的政治思想中找到肥沃的土壤。考察孫中山平等觀的見解，可以發現他的見解極為獨特。如同孫中山在《中國革命史》所提，「余之謀中國革命，其所持主義，有因襲吾國固有之思想者，有規撫歐洲之學說事蹟者，有吾所獨見而創獲者。」他從西方的政治思想與中國固有的民本思想切入，得出了他自己的平等觀。

筆者認為孫中山的平等理論應該通過二個層面來理解：一個是社會互動的層面，屬於對內的掌握，集中在《民權主義》第三講當中;二是國族互動的層次，屬於對外的理解，《民族主義》第一講、第二講、第六講有較為完整的表達。但不論如何，此其中皆融入了文化的內涵。平等的立基點，除了考量個人層面，也考慮到集體層面，特別是少數族群或較為弱勢的國家，這部份就和文化不平等有所勾聯。

此外，許多人會忽略孫中山在中華文化與他國文化遭遇時所產生的碰撞有其精闢的見解，這是從民族主義與國際政治的角度出發，也就是「殖民地-半殖民地-次殖民地」的差序見解。孫中山勇於剖析我國淪為次殖民地的真實現狀，期待國人並聯合世界上以平等待我之民族，為反殖民、反帝國主義共同奮鬥。這樣的熱情令人敬佩。

最後，吾人了解，從傳統的自由主義立場來看，主張並捍衛個人權利的立場是非常自然的，不過對集體權利的爭取或保障則少被提及。因為自由主義者的立場預設了社會中的每個個體的膚色、信仰與族群是一致的，他們忽略了少數族群存在的客觀事實以及政治參與上的客觀限制。因此，從積極平權的角度出發，我們可以看到孫中山宏觀且具有人道主義的規劃。此一規劃其實與晚近諸多學者，例如Rawls、Kymlicka的見解相符應，在許多國家之中也有類似政策安排，以作為少數族群在參政權、工作權、文化保存以及教育、衛生、醫療等方面的補救。

The term equality, just as the terms freedom, democracy, rights, and power, can find its fertile soil in western political thought. A view on Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s viewpoint on equality shows that just as he mentioned in “History of China’s Revolution”, “Some of the doctrines of China’s revolution I pursue are inherited from our country’s inherent thinkers, others are in compliance with European doctrines, and still others are created independently based on my own viewpoints”. He probed into the Western political thought and China’s inherent people-oriented thought to derive at his own view of equality.

The author’ believes that Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s theory of equality can be understood from two aspects: one is the social interaction aspect, falling under internal control and concentrated in “principle of democracy”, the third of Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s three principles of the people; the other is the nationality interaction aspect, falling under understanding of the outside, which are more completely expressed in the first, second, and sixth of “principle of nationalism.” Regardless, the cultural connotations are incorporated in them. The basis of equality, in addition to taking the individual aspect into account, also considers the group aspect, especially the minority groups or more vulnerable nations, which are a part that links to culture.

Additionally, many people overlook the fact that when Chinese culture and foreign cultures collide, Dr. Sun Yat-sen has his incisive insights, which begin from the perspectives of nationalism and international politics, the “colonial - semi-colonial - sub-colonial” differential view. This viewpoint coincides with the viewpoint of the “core - half periphery -periphery” world system theory proposed by Immanuel Wallerstein.

Finally, from my understanding of the traditional liberal standpoint, it is but natural to advocate and defend standpoint of individual rights, but seeking or protecting group rights is rarely mentioned. This is because the standpoint of liberals presupposes every individual in society has the same skin color, faith, and ethnicity, neglecting the objective fact of the existence of minority groups and the objective limitations of political involvement. From the perspective of active equality, we can see Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s macroscopic and humanitarian planning. In fact, there are similar arrangements for such planning in many countries today, which are a remedy for the minority groups in terms of political involvement rights, work rights, education, health, and medical treatment.

國立國父紀念館

臺北市

投稿日：民國109年1月31日；接受刊登日：民國109年5月4日。